ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF BEETROOT AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
Abstract
Introduction: Antibacterial effectiveness is the level of an antibacterial agent’s ability in controlling bacteria through growth-inhibiting or killing activities. A natural antibacterial agent that has the potential to be used as an alternative is beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) because it contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and betalains. Antibacterial agents have been widely used as preventive for dental caries in children with the main causative bacteria being Streptococcus mutans. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of beetroot extract against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This study was in vitro experimental laboratory study with a post-test-only control group design. The maceration method used to obtain beetroot extract which will diluted into various concentrations, 12,500 μg/ml, 25,000 μg/ml, 50,000 μg/ml, and 100,000 μg/ml. Antibacterial effectiveness was tested by measuring the inhibition zone using disc diffusion, determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using broth dilution, and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using agar dilution with 0,2% chlorhexidine gluconate as the positive control. Analysis of inhibition zone data was performed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Tukey Post Hoc. MIC and MBC tests were analyzed descriptively. Results: The results show all concentrations of beetroot extract were able to form an inhibition zone with the largest mean was 0.40 ± 0.05 mm, but still lower than the positive control. MIC and MBC of extract were 25,000 μg/ml and 50,000 μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that beetroot extract has antibacterial effectiveness against Streptococcus mutans, therefore it can be used as a natural alternative for dental caries prevention.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Pujoharjo P, Herdiyati Y. Efektivitas antibakteri tanaman herbal terhadap Streptococcus mutans pada karies anak. J Indones Dent Assoc Dep Kedokt Gigi Anak Fak Kedokt Gigi Univ Padjadjaran. 2018;1(1):51–6.
Mahon CR, Lehman DC. Textbook of diagnostic microbiology. 6th Ed. St Louis: Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. 2019. p.47,67-70,638,641-45,828,2525,2569.
Harti AS. Mikrobiologi kesehatan peran mikrobiologi dalam bidang kesehatan. 2015. Indonesia: Andi; 2015. p. 148,149.
Harmita, Radji M. Buku Ajar Analisis Hayati. Edisi 3. EGC: Jakarta; 2008. p. 1–4.
Apriyanti EA, Satari MH, Laksono B. Perbedaan potensi antibakteri ekstrak metanol umbi sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendens Merr. & Perry) dan NaOCl terhadap Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). J Kedokt Gigi Univ Padjadjaran. 2016;28(2):107.
Desseva I, Stoyanova M, Petkova N, Mihaylova D. Red beetroot juice phytochemicals bioaccessibility: An in vitro approach. Polish J Food Nutr Sci. 2020;70(1):1,47.
Kumar S, Brooks MSL. Use of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) for antimicrobial applications—a critical review. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 2018;11(1):1-2,11.
Lembong E, Utama GL. Anti-microbial activity of the red beet extract (Beta vulgaris L.) with solvent ethanol and acid addition variation. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2020;443(1):3-5.
Chhikara N, Kushwaha K, Jaglan S, Sharma P, Panghal A. Nutritional, physicochemical, and functional quality of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) incorporated Asian noodles. Cereal Chem. 2019;96(1):154–61
El-Beltagi HS, Mohamed HI, Megahed BMH, Gamal M, Safwat G. Evaluation of some chemical constituents, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities of Beta vulgaris L. root. Fresenius Environ Bull. 2018;27(9):6369–78.
Omogbai BA, Omoregie IA. Chemical analysis and biological activity of natural preservative from beet root (Beta vulgaris) against foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms. 2016;17(2):135–45.
Vijaya D, Thangaraj N. Extraction of betalains from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and to evaluate its antibacterial potential against extended-spectrum betalactamases producing isolates. J Pharm Sci Res. 2019;11(6):2422–5.
Saani M, Lawrence R. Beta vulgaris root extracts: as free radical scavengers and antibacterial agent. Orient J Chem. 2020;36(04):733–41.
Chen M, Zhao Z, Meng H, Yu S. The antibiotic activity and mechanisms of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) molasses polyphenols against selected food-borne pathogens. Food Sci Technol. 2017;82:354–60.
Setyorini D, Rahayu YC, Sistyaningrum T. The effects of rinsing red beet root (Beta vulgaris L.) juice on Streptococcus sp. dental plaque. J Dentomaxillofacial Sci. 2017;2(1):18.
Aronson JK. Meyler’s side effects of drugs. 16th ed. United Kingdom: Elsevier Inc.; 2017. p.951–952.
Tinannoff N. Dental caries. In: Nowak AJ, Christensen JR, Mabry TR, Townsend JA, Wells MH. Pediatric dentistry infancy trough adolescence. 6th Ed. Washington DC: Elsevier; 2019. p.175.
Düzgüneş N. Medical microbiology and immunology for dentistry. USA: Quitessence Publishing Co.; 2016. p.152.
Lamont R, Schmidt D, Davis EB, Schmidt D. Microbiology and immunology. 3rd Ed. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2020. p.16,284,471,498,499.
Lemos JA, Palmer SR, Zeng L, Wen ZT, Kajfasz JK, Freires IA, et al. The biology of Streptococcus mutans. In: Fishcetti V, Novick R, Ferreti J, Portnoy D, Braunstein M, et al, editors. Gram positive pathogens. 3rd Ed. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2019. p.435.
Andriani R. Pengenalan alat-alat laboratorium mikrobiologi untuk mengatasi keselamatan kerja dan keberhasilan praktikum. J Mikrobiol. 2016;1(1):1–7.
Lalamentik GJ, Wewengkang DS, Rotinsulu H. Akitivitas antibakteri ekstrak karang lunak Klyxum sp. yang diperoleh dari teluk Manado. Pharmacon. 2017;5(3):49.
Nurjanah S, Rokiban A, Irawan E. Ekstrak umbi rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. Biosf J Tadris Biol. 2018;9(2):165–75.
Dewi STR, Salim H, Karim D. Pemberian perasan bawang putih lanang (Allium sativum L.) terhadap hambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, dan Propionibacterium acnes. Media Farm J. 2020;16(1):3.
Jenkins R, Maddocks S. Bacteriology methods for the study of infectious diseases. United Kingdom: Elsevier; 2019. p.73–81.
Martí M, Frígols B, Serrano-Aroca A. Antimicrobial characterization of advanced materials for bioengineering applications. J Vis Exp. 2018;138:1–10.
Makolit J, Waworuntu O, Leman M. Uji konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) terhadap Candida albicans secara in vitro. J e-GIGI. 2017;5(2):117–24.
Lolongan AR, Waworuntu O, Mintjelungan CN. Uji konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun pacar air (Impatiens balsamina L.) terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans. J e-GIGI. 2016;4(2):245 –6.
Balafif FF, Satari MH, Dhianawaty D. Aktivitas antijamur fraksi air sarang semut Myrmecodia pendens pada Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Maj Kedokt Bandung. 2017;49(1):28–34.
Efendi YN, Hertiani T. Potensi antimikroba ekstrak etanol sarang semut (Myrmecodiatuberosa jack) terhadap Candida albicans, Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Tradit Med J. 2012;18(1):53–8.
Utomo SB, Fujiyanti M, Lestari WP, Mulyani S. Antibacterial activity test of the C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene compound modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium-bromide against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. JKPK. 2018;3(3):201.
John S, Monica SJ, Priyadarshini S, Sivaraj C, et al. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Beta vulgaris L. peel extracts. Int J Pharm Health Sci. 2017;5(6):1974–9.
Herawati D, Ekawati ER, Yusmiati SNH. Identification of saponins and flavonoids in lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel extract. Proc Int Conf Ind Eng Oper Manag. 2020;5–6.
Cipriano-Salazar M, Rojas-Hernández S, Olivares-Pérez J, Jiménez-Guillén R, Cruz-Lagunas B, Camacho-Díaz LM, et al. Antibacterial activities of tannic acid against isolated ruminal bacteria from sheep. Microb Pathog. 2018;117:255–8.
Madadi E, Mazloum-Ravasan S, Yu JS, Ha JW, Hamishehkar H, Kim KH. Therapeutic application of betalains: a review. Plants. 2020;9(9):1–27.
Cieplik F, Jakubovics NS, Buchalla W, Maisch T, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A. Resistance toward chlorhexidine in oral bacteria-is there cause for concern? Front Microbiol. 2019;10(587):2-3.
Kumar S, Brooks MSL. Chlohexidine mouthwash-a review. J Pharm Sci & Res. 2017;9(9):1450.
El Gamal AA, Alsaid MS, Raish M, Al-Sohaibani M, Al-Massarani SM, Ahmad A, et al. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity associated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rodent model. Mediators Inflamm. 2014; 1–12.
Kim BH, Jung SH, Jung S. Beet root (Beta vulgaris) protects lipopolysaccharide and alcohol-induced liver damage in rat. Toxicol Res. 2020;36(3):1–8.
Pluta MR. To be-et, or not to be-et, that is the question: the role(s) of nitrate and nitrite in health and illness. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2016;11(2):135–40.
Johri N, Cooper B, Robertson W, Choong S, Rickards D, Unwin R. An update and practical guide to renal stone management. Nephron Clin Pract. 2010;116(3):159–71.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33854/jbd.v9i1.938
DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.33854/jbd.v9i1.938.g413
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 B-Dent: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Baiturrahmah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.